The opinion that 30 million is the number of unnatural deaths during the Chinese Difficult Three Year Period( 1959-1961) is worth deliberating. It can be estimated，with the average death toll from 1955 to 1957 as the normal standard and the missing report of deaths from 1953 to 1964 plus the subsequently modification combined，that there were approximately four to five million people who ex- perienced unnatural deaths during the Difficult Three Year Period. The distributions of unnatural deaths apparently differ largely in regional structure，age structure as well as gender structure. Even though the millions of unnatural deaths is a lesson to reflect upon，still，the efforts the Chinese government made against the famine as well as the achievements they reached should not be obliterated. In addition， there were a series of complicated causes that led to the large number of unnatural deaths，and it is difficult to find out the proper answer only based upon the simple cause ＆effect relationship. Therefore， the discussion of this issue should be done by carrying out specific analyses in specific problems.

This paper utilizes Marxist population theory to examine the issue of China’s population at present and its tendency in the next few decades,putting forward a "new proposal" of "control-led-reduction" and explicates the strategy of scientific development based on the one-child oriented population policy which better coordinates between population,natural resources and ecological environment.This paper argues against various popular opinions in such issues as fertility human right,population density,aging,gender imbalance,second child of high-quality,and single-child personality.